Coriolis Meter (Preliminary Study)

This post lists any information I got associated with what Coriolis Meter is. The first place I heard about Coriolis was in the office. I find this stuff interesting because it has high accuracy in measuring many variables even actually I just knew that this metering is well known (honestly, there are more interesting stuffs that I find interesting as well). However, it has a drawback that it doesn’t work well in a significant pressure drop. Let’s say it’s gonna be the preliminary study. I still don’t understand why it doesn’t work well in a significant pressure drop and is there anything that we can do to improve its performance in that condition? If there exists, then how many strategy and how significant the effect? So many question marks, that I need to find the answer. Thus, as I said before, below is the list of information I got. The red statement means a statement that need to be followed up. More information will be gathered step by step.
Coriolis Meter	Meter Coriolis
- Mass measuring device consists of a sensor, a transmitter and peripheral devices to provide monitoring, alarm, and/or control function. - The sensor consists of two flow tube(s), the drive coil and magnet, two pick-off coils and magnets and the RTD. During operation, process fluid entering the sensor is split, half passing through each flow tube. - The drive coil is energized causing the tubes to oscillate up and down in opposition to one another. (require picture and video illustration)	- Alat ukur massa yang terdiri dari sensor, transmitter, dan alat peripheral untuk pemantauan, alarm dan atau fungsi kendali. - Sensor ini terdiri dari dua tabung aliran, kumparan dan magnet pengendali, dua kumparan dan magnet pick off dan RTD. Selama operasi, proses fluida memasuki sensor terbagi, setengah melewati setiap tabung aliran. - Kumparan pengendali yang diberi energi menyebabkan tabung berosilasi naik dan turun bertentangan satu sama lain. (butuh gambar dan video)
How it looks like
How it works
- The pick-off coils are mounted on one tube while the magnets are mounted on the other. Each coil moves through the uniform magnetic field of the adjacent magnet as the two tubes move. - The voltage generated from each pick off coil creates a sine waves representing the motion of one tube relatives to the other. When there is no flow, they are in phase. When there is flow, the induced Coriolis force the tubes to twist, resulting in two out-of-phase sine waves. The time difference in the sine waves is directly proportional to the mass flow rate through the tubes (at a fixed pressure)	- Kumparan pick-off dipasang pada satu tabung sedangkan magnet dipasang di tabung sisi lain. Setiap koil bergerak melalui medan magnet seragam dari magnet yang bertetanggaan sebagai dua tabung bergerak. - Tegangan yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing kumparan pick-off menciptakan gelombang sinus yang mewakili gerak satu tabung relative terhadap yang lain. Ketika tidak ada aliran, mereka berada dalam satu fase. Ketika ada aliran, Coriolis terinduksi memaksa tabung untuk memutar, mengakibatkan dua gelombang sinus berbeda fase. Perbedaan waktu di gelombang sinus berbanding lurus dengan laju aliran massa melalui tabung (pada tekanan tetap)
The density of the fluid (ρ) is calculated from the frequency of oscillation of the tubes (f). (How??)	Kepadatan fluida (ρ) dihitung dari frekuensi osilasi dari tabung (f). (Bagaimana??)
Transmitter’s actions : Sending a pulse current to the sensor drive coil causing the flow tubes vibrate. Processing the sensor input signals, performing calculations, and producing various outputs to the peripherals devices (mostly pulse) Allowing communication with an operator or control system.	Fungsi Transmitter: Mengirim pulsa arus ke sensor kumparan pengendali yang menyebabkan tabung aliran bergetar. Mengolahan sinyal sensor input, melakukan perhitungan, dan menghasilkan berbagai ouput ke perangkat periferal (kebanyakan pulsa) Memungkinkan komunikasi dengan operator atau sistem kontrol.
Source of Operating Study : Appendix A of the API Coriolis Liquid Measurement Draft Standards.	Sumber Studi Operasi: Lampiran A Draft Standar Pengukuran Fluida Coriolis API.
It should be proven under conditions as close to normal operating conditions as practical. The result of a meter proving will be a new meter factor (MF). This MF may be entered in accessory equipment (preferences due to audit trail capabilities), the Coriolis transmitter or applied manually to the quantity indicated. It has also calibration factor from manufactures which is even adjustable but should not be changed.	Alat ini harus dibuktikan dalam kondisi sesama mungkin dengan kondisi operasi normal seperti prakteknya. Hasil dari pembuktian meter akan menjadi faktor meter baru (MF). MF ini dapat dimasukkan dalam peralatan aksesori (preferensi karena kemampuan percobaan audit), pemancar Coriolis atau diterapkan secara manual dengan kuantitas yang ditunjukkan. Alat ini juga mempunyai faktor kalibrasi dari manufaktur yang bahkan dapat disesuaikan tetapi sebaiknya tidak diubah.
Source : API Draft Standard, Measurement of Single-Phase Intermediate and Finished Hydrocarbon Fluids by Coriolis Meters.	Sumber: API Draft Standard, Pengukuran Single-Phase Cairan Hidrokarbon Intermediate dan Akhir oleh Coriolis Meter.
- Coriolis Meter presents number of advantages over other types of meters (accuracy: +/-0.1% and acceptable repeatability). It can measure mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate, density and temperature, and also can be used as bi-directional meter. Ease of installation and low maintenance, no special mounting, no flow conditioning, no straight piping requirement and no moving parts. - The drawback is a significant pressure drop across the meter (unsuitable for an existing operation where additional pressure drop cannot be tolerated)	- Coriolis Meter menyajikan sejumlah keunggulan dibandingkan meter jenis lainnya (akurasi: + / -0.1% dan pengulangan diterima). Alat ini dapat mengukur laju aliran massa, laju aliran volume, kepadatan dan suhu, dan juga dapat digunakan sebagai bi-directional meter. Kemudahan instalasi dan pemeliharaan mudah, tidak ada mounting khusus, tidak ada pengkondisian aliran, tidak ada persyaratan pipa lurus dan tidak ada bagian yang bergerak. - Kekurangannya adalah penurunan tekanan yang signifikan di meter (tidak cocok untuk operasi yang ada di mana penurunan tekanan tambahan yang tidak dapat ditoleransi)

Improved Distributed Algorithm to Optimize Coverage Control in Mobile Sensor Networks

This paper is originally the short version of my thesis or final project for my bachelor degree. The contents consist of what I’ve written in ICIUS 2010 and adapted idea of paper I wrote in 8^th IEEE ICNSC 2011. Adapted idea means that I adopted some algorithms from paper published in 8^th IEEE ICNSC 2011 and modified it to what I need in my thesis, in this case for limited range anisotropic sensor. This paper was planned to be published in a journal but I still don’t have any sponsor to publish it. Moreover, the way I wrote this paper is also not well-organized. Currently, I’m reorganizing the paper flow.

This paper is also one of the three researches I did during my spare time in last semester of my bachelor study.

As my thesis, this paper definitely has been presented in my final seminary on December, 8^th, 2010. The following is the abstract of this research:

In the deployment of mobile sensor networks, some agents may be initialized far away from region of interest and due to the sensor’s limited sensing of range, some sensors detect no information. Without any information, agents have no capability to move. As a result, some sensors may not able to participate in the coverage task. This paper describes how to solve this problem by implementing leader-following algorithm in a distributed control algorithm. An anisotropic mobile sensor model is considered. Then, an improved distributed coverage control algorithm is presented. In addition, energy and dynamic sensing of each mobile sensor is also considered. A power-aware distributed coverage control algorithm is also proposed to reduce energy consumption and optimize coverage ability. Moreover, it is assumed that each agent is equipped with omni-directional communication capability. A distributed control algorithm based on gradient descent is implemented to drive robots to the region of interest. Simulations illustrate the results.

The next actions for this research will be:

1. Considering the dynamic communication graph (still an idea)
2. 3 dimensions including odd environment (still an idea)
3. Non-convex environment (still an idea)

To see/download the paper click here.

Happy to discuss,

Best regards,

Risvan Dirza

Information-Driven Distributed Coverage Algorithms for Mobile Sensor Networks

This paper has been published in the 8^th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) in Delft, The Netherland. This paper is one of the three researches I did during my spare time in last semester of my bachelor study.

I worked with Mas Iman who works in Prof. Sandra Hirce’s lab in TU Munich, Germany. The idea of this research is mainly to develop an algorithm for isolated agent(s) i.e. robot or other autonomous vehicles in a networks. We consider the communication capability as the weapon of the solution. More/less this paper has kind of relation with Finite Energy Coverage Control with Limited Range Anisotropic Sensor for Mobile Sensor Networks (extended).

Unfortunately, I couldn’t join the conference in Delft. Since, I just join a company where vacation is not allowed for the first year and they didn’t want to put it as business trip. However, doing a research is a fun. The following is the abstract of this research:

When mobile sensors are initially deployed, some sensors may be located far away from the region of interest and due to the sensor’s limited sensing of range, some sensors may not be able to participate in the coverage task. This paper proposes a new algorithm on the coverage problem for mobile sensor networks which guarantees all sensors to participate in the coverage task. The algorithm is a combination of the standard gradient-based coverage algorithm and leader following algorithm and is designed to maximize the joint detection probabilities of the events in the region of interest. First, leader sensors are selected based on the information which each sensor has gathered. The rest of the sensors will follow the leaders until they have sufficient information on the region of interest and then switch to the standard coverage algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be performed in a distributed manner. Moreover, the proposed algorithm could also improve the convergence speed of the coverage task. The results are validated through numerical simulations.

In my opinion, there are at least, 3 future actions of this paper that we can do:

1. Consider the dynamic communication graph (paper has been submitted)
2. Consider the optimization of communication cost (still no follow up)
3. Consider the energy consumption and sensing area (has been written in my thesis, but has not published yet)

Thus, ideas have been developed. Just need to conduct the research if there is a time. I guess I need a partner since I start working.

To see/download the paper click here.

Happy to discuss

Best Regards,

Risvan Dirza

High Throughput Direct Two Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Inverse DCT with No Transpositional Buffer and No Multiplier

There wasn’t so many courses, I took in the last semester of my bachelor study. That condition gave me, like, a lot of spare time. During that period, I did three researches simultaneously.  One of them was related to image processing.

I worked in team with Aidilla Pradini and Teuku Muhammad Roffi. Ideally, we had divided our part in the research. I mostly did the algorithm improvement, developed the objective and prove the mathematical equation. Aidilla mostly worked on the functional programming and RTL. While, Roffi mostly worked on the implementation to the FPGA. However, in fact, we did help each other in various areas.

This research was mostly conducted in Lab IC Design, PAU, ITB under supervisory of Dr. Trio Adiono.  The purpose of this research was to attend the LSI Design Contest in Okinawa. However, before being in Okinawa, we need to ensure that we pass the country round. Fortunately, we are selected as the main team that will represent Indonesia in the final round in Okinawa, Japan. Even I’ve joined an O&G company which of course has no intention of processing image, I got a really good opportunity at that time because the company allowed me to attend the final round as business trip (means the company will pay for everything).

The story went well until D-12 hours. Right 12 hours before our flight to Taipei (a flight to Okinawa will be transited via Taipei according the Airline Schedule), our campus cancelled the trip due to Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant tragedy in Japan. However, it wouldn’t be the “the end” of our research. The paper itself actually consists of three different researches (titles). One of those three titles had been accepted and will be presented in July 2011 (I’ll talk about it later).

Basically, the main point of the paper is to optimize all the main variables of an image processing to be as efficient as possible. The abstract is as follows:

An efficient algorithm and hardware implementation for a direct 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and inverse DCT is presented. A unique combination and sophisticated adaptation of algebraic integer encoding and butterfly structured algorithm is employed to achieve high troughput, bufferless, and multiplierless design. Eight 1-D 8 points DCT modules are employed each consists of so called modified 2-D algebraic integer encoding of a 1-D radix-8 DCT. The scaling and quantizer-dequantizer modules are also improved by approximation method. These algorithmic improvements result in a bufferless, multiplierless, zero memory usage, and direct processing 2-D DCT and inverse DCT designs. Simulations with MATLAB and ModelSim softwares prove that the proposed design have maintained PSNR and MSE values compared to that of conventional design. The design is further improved by employing a 5 stages pipelined implementation. The pipelined implementation results in a higher clock frequancy with high throughput. The system has a maximum frequancy of 210.084 MHz. Synthesis using Synopsis software shows that the design is 6.8 times faster in processing a token of 64 pixels compared to the conventional design. This improvement trades off with only 2.1 times increase in size compared to the conventional (refers to Level 1) design. Verification has been conducted using Altera DE2 FPGA Board and satisfying results have been obtained.

To see/download the paper, click here.

Happy to discuss,

Best Regards,

Risvan Dirza